The Boston Beer Company Essay Example for Free

The Boston Beer Company Essay Overview The Boston Beer Company has had amazing success in its transition from a small scale microbrewer to a large scale national brewery. Almost all of the company’s success is due to the Samuel Adams Lager product line, which has hardly changed from the founding of the company in 1984, to the IPO in 1995, to the present day. In fact, much of the appeal of Samuel Adams comes from its microbrew image and the founder, Jim Koch’s, commitment to the brewing process and a premium beer. In recent years, however, the company has implemented a new strategy for growth which has included introducing a light beer that will have more mainstream appeal. While this has increased profits for the company, it has also left the company vulnerable to entry by diluting its brand name. For this reason, the company’s strategy for the immediate future has to make a significant shift, from a strategy of growth to a strategy of protection. It must focus on maintaining its current profits by preventing entry both from small breweries looking to copy the BBC’s strategy and from large breweries looking to use their expansive resources to steal some of BBC’s market share. History of Boston Beer The Boston Beer Company began as a microbrewery in Boston, Massachusetts in 1984. Its first cases of beer were only sold to Boston bars, but the company quickly branched out geographically. Fueled by awards and recognition from prestigious beer festivals, Samuel Adams Boston Lager was available on much of the East Coast by the late 1980’s and nationally by 1992. The company went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 1995. The Boston Beer Company’s strategy for growth was one of differentiation. The company created a higher quality beer than the majority of American beers by using more expensive ingredients and less water, and it used its packaging and its commercials to advertise this commitment to quality. In fact, because of its use of only barley, hops, yeast, and water as its ingredients, Samuel Adams won the honor of being the first American beer to be sold in Germany, a distinction that helped its image in America even more. One business strategy that the company employed as it started to grow was using extra brewing space in other company’s breweries to brew their beer. Since the company was growing at a double digit rate, it didn’t have a lot of extra capital to build its own breweries, so this was a good strategy for them during their period of growth. And, since these breweries were distributed throughout the country, this strategy allowed the Boston Beer Company to maximize the freshness of the beer it sold. In fact, the now famous practice of printing a freshness label on bottled beer was started by the Boston Beer Company on its Samuel Adams Boston Lager. The company ensured quality production in these disperse breweries by hiring experienced brewmasters to oversee the contract brewing. The company also brewed some beer on its own property, both in Boston and later in a plant they purchased in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 2002, the company took a risk by introducing Sam Adams Light, a light beer version of their Samuel Adams Lager. They had never produced a light beer before, and it was Koch’s stance that the company couldn’t brew a light beer that would be up to their standards of flavor. The expanded customer base that the company would target with the sale of a light beer was too lucrative a market to ignore, however, and the light beer market was almost devoid of any Better Beers, so after three years of development Sam Adams Light was born. The advertising expenditures for 2002 increased by 25. 7% or $20. 6 million over 2001 due to the promotion of Sam Adams Light2, which magnified the financial risk of producing and selling it. The new beer had the short term effect of attracting new consumers to the Samuel Adams brand, although the long term effect has yet to be seen. The growth of the Boston Beer Company was very impressive, and can be attributed to a superior product, good business strategy, and an unsaturated market for high-quality beer. But now there are new challenges facing the company. There are always new fads in the beer industry; current trends are low-carb beers and fruityflavored malt beverages. The Boston Beer Company needs to decide which of these trends to respond to, and how to respond to each. Above all the company needs to continue its strategy of differentiation that allowed it to achieve its current profitability. It is its image for quality above major American beers like Budweiser, Coors, and Miller that allows it to keep its prices, and its profits, high. Current Industry Analysis The Boston Beer Company’s product is a â€Å"better† beer. A better beer is defined as either a craft beer or an import, and is characterized by higher prices and quality. A craft beer is defined as one which is brewed with 100% malted barley as its grain. The major American beer companies typically use a mixture of malted barley along with other grains such as rice or corn, since these are less expensive and have less full-bodied flavors. Rivals in the better beer industry include such foreign companies as Corona, Heineken, and Guinness, as well as domestic companies such as Sierra Nevada, Pete’s, and a number of microbreweries around the country. While the beer industry overall is very rivalrous, the better beer industry is not so, as evidenced by high profit margins (the Boston Beer Company routinely posts profit margins of over 50%). The rivalry that does exist tends to revolve around quality competition rather than price competition. There are numerous substitutes for better beer. All alcoholic beverages are substitutes for the Boston Beer Company’s product, although the two closest substitutes are major American beers and flavored malt beverages; wine and spirits are less relevant substitutes for the purposes of this analysis. Budweiser, Coors, and Miller are all large brand name beers which have low prices and low quality compared to better beers. Price sensitive consumers typically buy these beers. Smirnoff Ice, Skyy Blue, and Bacardi Silver are all similarly priced to the better beers, but they have fruitier flavors and therefore appeal to consumers with a different taste preference. The suppliers for the Boston Beer Company are similar to the suppliers for any brewery. Supplies that must be purchased include the ingredients like water, barley and hops, the equipment for brewing, and the transportation for distributing beer around the country. The ingredients are actually very inexpensive compared to the other two costs, and suppliers of barley and water don’t have a lot of bargaining power since these industries are fragmented. The hops industry, however, is more centralized. In order to ensure adequate hops supplies at prices known in advance the company regularly purchases hops futures. The company also employs an aggressive contract brewing strategy. Under this policy almost 60% of the company’s products are brewed at noncompany owned breweries. By utilizing the excess capacity of geographically distributed breweries, the company can keep equipment and transportation costs low while providing a fresher and thus higher quality product. This brewing approach carries inherent risks by giving potential rivals some control over the company’s production capacity. Indeed the company is currently involved in a lawsuit with Miller after Miller’s attempt to back out of a brewing contract early. To protect itself from these risks the company enters into contracts with a diverse set of brewers for a much larger amount of beer than they actually produce. This redundant capacity is meant to shield the company from any number of contract brewers defaulting on their contracts. Buyer bargaining power doesn’t have significant influence on the Boston Beer Company since their buyers are grocery stores and bars. The grocery industry and the bar industry are both fragmented, so each store or bar that buys from the Boston Beer Company comprises a very small amount of total company sales, and the loss of any one buyer won’t significantly hurt the company. Complements in the better beer industry include the popularity of bars, snack foods like pretzels and nachos, and sporting events like football games. While the Boston Beer Company doesn’t provide any of these complements, they do provide some amount of customer education. Customer education includes advertising awards the company has won, advertising their brewing processes, and calling attention to their premium ingredients. This serves to convince people of the superior quality of Samuel Adams, thereby convincing them to pay a premium price. Customer education is a fairly clever and successful strategy for a number of beer companies, but it benefits better beers more than lower quality beers, so the Boston Beer Company could probably take advantage of this by focusing more on customer education. The BBC also has an advantage over small high-quality breweries because its economy of scale allows more customers to be reached per dollar spent on customer education. Any company in the beverage industry has the potential to enter Samuel Adams’ market, and it is always crucial for a company to be aware of possible entry from all sides. Companies that make wine, spirits, or malt beverages could all enter the market, and we have actually seen in recent years that spirits companies have been expanding into new markets by producing malt beverages under the name of the parent spirits company. However, the most dangerous potential entrants would be other beer companies. Other craft breweries that sell their beer on a small scale might attempt to copy the BBC’s strategy to grow into a national brand and steal some of BBC’s market share. Also, major American breweries could use their expansive resources to brew high quality beers that could compete with Samuel Adams on a national level. A third, and even more threatening possibility, would be the combination of these two forces; a major brewery could buy a high quality microbrewery and use their national advertising and distribution infrastructure to market the microbrew to the public on a large scale. Given the Boston Beer Company’s high profit margins and the relatively low level of rivalry within their market, it is very likely that entry will occur and erode away at BBC’s profits if BBC is unprepared. We believe that responding to this possibility should be at the forefront of the company’s business strategy for the immediate future. The Boston Beer Company’s Strategy: Using Reputation as an Entry Barrier The BBC’s initial strategy was one of growth. This was fitting for it when it was a microbrewery looking to gain national and international sales. During its expansion in the early 1990’s, the company took advantage of the fact that consumer demand for craft beers was increasing, while there were few other companies doing the same. Since the new market was unsaturated, the Boston Beer Company was able to earn an inexpensive reputation for its Samuel Adams brand name by being the first large scale mover into the national craft beer market. By the late 1990’s, the BBC’s growth rate had begun to decline. In an effort to keep up growth, the company switched to a strategy of trying to increase the demand for craft beer. It did this through large scale advertising, and most significantly through the introduction of a light beer that brought light beer drinkers over to the better beer market. The Boston Beer Company’s strategy was an effective one for many years, and enabled it to become the profitable national company that it is today. However, if the BBC wants to maintain its profitability, it will need to find a way to protect its market share from entrants, and this will require a shift in the company’s strategy back to increasing its share of the Better Beer market rather than of the mainstream market. The biggest threats to the BBC are the major American beer companies, which have massive resources that would allow them to compete with the BBC. The BBC’s two advantages over these major companies are experience and reputation, and the major companies could easily gain experience by buying an existing craft beer company and utilizing its brewing procedures. Therefore, the BBC must protect its reputation at all costs, since its reputation is the only formidable entry barrier preventing Budweiser, Coors, and Miller from successfully invading Samuel Adams’ market. The company’s best strategy would be to slow their growth in order to work on strengthening their Samuel Adams Boston Lager brand name. Additionally, if the BBC diminishes its focus on growth, it could very well have the effect of reducing the incentive for these three major companies to enter the craft beer market, since the BBC will not be seen as so significant a threat. While there is a risk that slowing growth will leave the company vulnerable to entry by smaller companies, it is the large companies that have the most resources to compete with the BBC, so reducing the incentive for large companies to enter is worth the possible risk that more small companies will enter. The uniqueness and integrity that allowed the Samuel Adams brand to gain popularity are starting to be overshadowed by the company’s attempts to gather more mainstream consumers, and this is hurting the company’s brand name. The strategy for the future needs to focus on building back customer loyalty for the company’s core product line, i. e. Samuel Adams Boston Lager. First and foremost, the Boston Beer Company needs to continue reducing its expenditures on Sam Adams Light. During the introduction of Sam Adams Light in 2001-02, revenues and gross profit increased, but expenditures on advertising Sam Light were extremely high, and much of the sales of Sam Light were thought to be due to cannibalism of Samuel Adams Boston Lager. In 2003 when advertising of Sam Adams Light was decreased, sales of the light beer dropped significantly. Although Samuel Adams Boston Lager sales increased during the period between the fourth quarters of 2002 and 2003, overall shipments dropped 6% during this period3 because of the lowered demand for Sam Light after the decline of the Sam Light marketing campaign. However, even though sales were lower, net income was higher after the end of the marketing campaign4. The company should therefore continue to keep its advertising levels for Sam Adams Light low. In addition to the high financial cost of advertising Sam Adams Light, it is likely that the large-scale marketing of Sam Adams Light could hurt the company in the long run by diluting the Samuel Adams brand name. The purpose of Sam Light is to appeal to mainstream beer drinkers, but the company’s consumer base is comprised of individuals who pride themselves on drinking a beer that is not mainstream. With potential entrants looming from above and below, the Boston Beer Company can not afford to lose its reputation for uniqueness. Still, Sam Light is a good revenue stream as a supplement to Samuel Adams Boston Lager, but it should cease to be the company’s main focus. The â€Å"Twisted Tea† and â€Å"Hard Core† products are malt beverages that the company produces on a small scale. These brands are unnecessary for the company’s success, and if the company adopts a strategy to focus on Samuel Adams Boston Lager then it would be advantageous to eliminate these products. While the products dilute the company’s brand name in a similar way to Sam Adams Light, they don’t provide nearly the revenue that Sam Light does. By either selling or closing down these brand names, the Boston Beer Company can distance itself further from the malt beverage industry and improve its positioning as a Better Beer company. Dumping these products would help the BBC’s image of integrity in the eyes of their consumers, and this image will be crucial if the company is to protect its market share from entrants. There have been a number of attempted entries into the Sam Adams market which demonstrate the need for quality and reputation. Coors owns Killian’s Irish Red and Anheuser-Busch owns Michelob and has a stake in Red Hook, all brands that have had poor success in the Better Beer Market. Most consumers are well aware of the fact that Michelob is just another domestic beer sold at a high price, and so it’s a brand without much of a quality image. On the other hand, it’s not well known that Coors owns Killian’s since it’s brewed in Canada and has an import label. While this label might signal some quality in many consumers’ eyes, Killian’s has no reputation and no customer base. Finally, Red Hook was a quality microbrew ale with a good reputation and customer base that was bought by AB. Since this purchase in 1994 the stock price of Red Hook has plummeted from ~30 to 2 and sales have been poor. While the reason for this is not exactly clear, it’s possible that this failure is due to a loss of integrity that occurred when the microbrew became owned by a major domestic brewer, or that AB simply wasn’t able to operate that type of brewery. AB’s failure in this attempt doesn’t indicate that they will give up on entering the craft beer industry, however, especially if craft beers grow to be more of the national market. With such high profit margins and a strong market position, the BBC might be tempted to increase sales by decreasing prices, but this strategy should definitely be avoided. The high prices for Samuel Adams Boston Lager and Sam Adams Light signal to consumers and other companies that these beers are of higher quality, and since demand in the Better Beer market is relatively inelastic, there would likely be no increase in net income if prices were reduced. Reducing prices would cause the BBC to appear more of a threat to the three major American beer companies, and could therefore expedite the entry of one of these companies into the market. Due to the nature of the Better Beer industry, the company needs to strive for quality competition over price competition. With the introduction of Sam Light in 2002 the percentage of BBC’s sales comprised of bottles vs. kegs increased since most Sam Light is sold in bottles, and since Boston Lager sales declined slightly. While revenues are lower per barrel of draft beer, profit margins are higher due to lower costs per barrel. Additionally, beer served on tap is usually able to retain a higher quality than beer served from a bottle. For these reasons and others, it would be a good strategy for the Boston Beer Company to increase its emphasis on selling its beer in kegs to bars. While most grocery stores already carry Samuel Adams Boston Lager, there are still a large number of bars that don’t have Boston Lager on draft, and this deprives many consumers of being able to drink the beer in its highest quality form while also depriving the company of the added revenue that bar sales bring in. Since the company’s new focus needs to be on emphasizing the quality of its beers, increasing the availability of its draft beer is in line with its strategy. An added benefit of increasing prevalence in bars is the opportunity for bartender education and consequent consumer education. The company should seriously consider providing literature about their beer along with the kegs that they sell to bars, since educating bar owners and bartenders about the premium ingredients and freshness standards that the company holds will have a trickle-down effect to the beer drinkers. Continuing with this strategy of edging away from the mainstream, the Samuel Adams line should switch back to its original label. The current label is simple with few colors, similar to the major company labels, while microbrew labels typically have a more complex picture that distinguishes the brand. Switching back to the â€Å"BrewerPatriot† label would signal to both new and old customers that the BBC is committed their roots and to quality. Putting Excess Capital to Use If the BBC continues to be successful in fending off potential entrants and if it maintains its high profit margins while staying away from a growth strategy, then it needs a plan for investing its profits. In the past, profits have been invested in growth or in stock of other companies, but in line with the new strategy of slow growth, there might be areas in which their money could be better invested. Some of the money could be used to fund the customer education programs mentioned earlier, but it might also be wise to start owning more breweries. Contract brewing proved to be efficient and successful during their growth phase. Up until the late nineties they were increasing sales by double digits each year. At this time it would have been difficult to impossible for production capacity to keep up with sales, not to mention for the company to secure the necessary capital. However, in the past 5 years growth has slowed, and consistently high profits have led to large amounts of excess capital. BBC has been keeping some capital liquid in short term bonds and mutual funds and using the rest of the capital to buy back company stock4. There are several reasons why contract brewing makes less sense now. First, the BBC has run into situations in which being a contract brewer has hurt the company’s reputation. Anheuser-Busch used a dateline interview and ran a series of attack ads claiming Samuel Adams Boston Lager was no different from other domestic beers since much of it was made in the same breweries as these domestic beers5. The ads were eventually dropped when an advertising watchdog group found the ads to be factually incorrect, but the damage had been done6. Brewing all of their own beer would insulate them from such claims, reinforcing their reputation. Additionally Miller tried to back out of a large brewing contract7. BBC won in arbitration, but millions were lost in legal expenses and backup contracts which were never realized. The dispute also brought more attention to the fact that some Samuel Adams is made by the majors, diluting their brand name more. BBC already produces half of their own product, and sells excess capacity to other brewers. This indicates that the company already has the experience and know-how that it needs to operate their own breweries on some scale. With so much capital available and sales growth slow, BBC should purchase a few local breweries around the country to produce all of its product. Excess capacity in these breweries can be contracted out as is currently done in the company’s Cincinnati plant. By owning and operating their own breweries, the BBC can avoid the damage to its reputation as well as the contract disputes that it has to incur by operating as a contract brewer. Conclusions The Boston Beer Company has shown that it has a successful business strategy for growth. The company’s management now needs to show that it can maintain its profitability at its current level by adopting a strategy that creates barriers for entry into the national craft beer market. Many conventional entry barriers can be overcome by either regional microbreweries, which have the experience necessary to brew quality beers, or by major American breweries, which have the resources to market a new beer nation-wide. The one significant entry barrier that the Boston Beer Company still holds on to is its good reputation, which it gained both by being an early mover into the national craft beer market and by maintaining strict quality controls. As the company has matured it has drifted away from its reputation of uniqueness. In order for the company to maintain its hold on the American craft beer market, it will need to revive its reputation at all costs. Because the company’s growth has slowed, it has an opportunity to use its excess capital to fund programs that help bolster its image as a high quality, high integrity brewer. If it continues to differentiate itself from major American breweries like Budweiser, Coors, and Miller, then despite the Boston Beer Company’s smaller resources, it should still be able to hold its consumer base and protect its profits from entry into its market. References 1. â€Å"Samuel Adams – Company Background. † 2. The Boston Beer Company, Inc. 2002 Annual Report 3. â€Å"Boston Suffers Tough Fourth Quarter. † Modern Brewery Age. http://articles. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m3469/is_8_55/ai_114921347 4. The Boston Beer Company, Inc. 2003 Annual Report 5. Contract Brewing. Lew Bryson. Copyright 2000. http://www. beveragebusiness. com/art-arch/mmbryson0201. html 6. â€Å"A-B to modify ads attacking Boston Beer. † Copyright 1997, Chautauqua Inc. http://www. allaboutbeer. com/news/industry/ab_ads. html 7. â€Å"Brewery addition may be on tap. † Copyright 2003, Cincinnati Post. http://www. cincypost. com/2003/04/02/brew04-02-2003. html.

Exploring Traumatic Brain Injury in Children Essay -- Medicine

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability among children and adolescents (Yeates, 2005). The Center for Disease and Control (2010) reported an estimated 1.7 million individuals sustaining TBI annually with 51% of these injuries occurring during periods of cerebral development. Children (0-4 years), older adolescents (15-19 years) and older adults (65+ years) are most likely to sustain TBI (CDC, 2010). Brain injuries often lead to severe, pervasive, and potentially irreversible impairments in one’s neurological, cognitive, emotional, and social functioning (e.g., Wilde et al, 2012; Yeates, 2005). This analysis will examine the etiology, prevalence, and impact of traumatic brain injury in the developing brain of children. Classifications & Diagnosis of TBI Brain injuries can be classified into three different categories: mild, moderate, and severe TBI. Classification is mostly done using the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) which has gained broad acceptance for the assessment of the severity of brain damage (Bauer & Fritz, 2004). This scale is based on a 15 point scale which measures individual’s level of consciousness based on verbal, motor, and eye responses to stimuli, as well as the overall social dependence on others. One study scrutinized the elements of the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) from 27,625 TBI cases in Taiwan. A correlation was found between the survival rate and certain eye (E), motor (M) and verbal (V) score combinations for GCS (scores of 6, 11, 12, ) that were discerned to be statistically significant. This illustrates that the fundamental elements comprising the Glasgow coma scale (E, M, & V) are predictive of the survival of TBI patients. The researchers assert that this observation is cli... ...sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020138309005609) Wilde, Merkley, Bigler, Max, Schmidt, Ayoub, McCauley, Hunter, Hanten, Li, Chu, Levin, Longitudinal changes in cortical thickness in children after traumatic brain injury and their relation to behavioral regulation and emotional control, International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, Volume 30, Issue 3, May 2012, Pages 267-276, ISSN 0736-5748, 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.01.003. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0736574812000044) Yeates, Armstrong, Janusz, Taylor, Wade, Stancin, Drotar, Long-Term Attention Problems in Children With Traumatic Brain Injury, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Volume 44, Issue 6, June 2005, Pages 574-584, ISSN 0890-8567, 10.1097/01.chi.0000159947.50523.64. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890856709616336)

Legalizing Drugs: The Ultimate Alternative to Cease the Drug War

For years, the United States has constantly been in the midst of a war. As a matter of fact, it is a war that is extreme, costly, and very exposed. Not only is it fought within the U.S. boundaries, but also in foreign shores. This so-called war is the War on Drugs. No one can argue that drugs are like a plague in our society. However, as bad as the effect of drugs on our society is, the effect of prohibition is worse. Federal government has spent billions of dollars on the struggle to end this war. Even the state and local government have spent millions of dollars to cease this war. Local reformers also contribute to this war by generating their own versions of the war and by recruiting as many community groups and leaders as they can to further the effort, but it all seems useless because no favorable results have been obtained so far. The best way to cease this everlasting war is to legalize drugs. Legalizing drugs will help the community as a whole because it will save many lives, help reduce crimes rates, improve research for medicine, and increase the government’s income. By legalizing drugs, hundred of lives can be saved each year. Many of the deaths that are now categorized as â€Å"drug overdose† are, in fact, caused by drugs that are purer than the users’ accustomed dose. This will cause an overdose by merely taking the dose to which they are accustomed. Other deaths are caused by the drugs being â€Å"cut† or diluted with impure or dangerous substances. At present, drugs are cut with anything from relatively harmless things such as baking soda, powdered sugar, lactose and corn starch to poisons like strychnine and arsenic. Legal drugs would fall under the supervision and standards of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), thereby insuring cleaner and purer drugs at consistent dosages. In addition, intravenous and intramuscular drugs could be packaged in single use syringes that are designed to be destroyed by the act of using them once. Thus, preventing the reuse and sharing of needles. This will reduce the spread of AIDs, hepatitis, and many other types of infections. Hence, more lives saved, as well as the reduction of burden on many public resources since many drug abusers cannot afford to pay for medical treatment. The government would have control of all drugs. Once the government has control over the drugs, private industries would be in control of the sale of the drugs. Society learned from the, prohibition of alcohol during the 1920’s, â€Å"private industry is much easier to control compared to public industry or the black market† (Prohibition of Alcohol). Legalizing drugs with the appropriate regulation and control would severely limit the access of drugs to children. Just as minors cannot legally but alcohol, they would not be able to walk into a state regulated drug store and buy drugs. Under the present conditions, drug dealers do not care if he customer is 5 years old or 50 years old. These drug dealers are only concerned on the amount of money that goes into their pockets. New laws would be imposed to the people who can but drugs, how much a person can buy, and where the person can buy drugs. Therefore, this would create a safer and more organized society. Legalizing and regulating drug production and sale will eliminate a plethora of drug crimes, as well as crimes related to drugs. Crimes such smuggling, producing and selling drugs would cease to be profitable. It will also limit the availability of funds to finance other crimes such as illegal gambling, prostitution, extortion and terrorism. Former Nobel Prize Winner for Economics, Milton Friedman states, â€Å"The legalization of drugs would simultaneously reduce the number of crimes and improve the respect for the law. It is hard to imagine any other single provision which could make a more significant contribution to the promotion of law and order (Legalization of Drugs).† Being one of the world’s leading drug-related crime nation, the United States needs to diminish the crime rate. The best option is to obtain this is by legalizing drugs or else like former U.S. Secretary of State, George Schultz says â€Å"†¦ will never obtain any results as long as we are unable to separate crime from the drug business and the incitement to criminality this causes† (Legalization of Drugs). Drugs will likely be cheaper. The supply would be relatively consistent. Market forces such as â€Å"supply and demand† will be less of a determining price factor. Nor will the risk factor to dealers and smugglers affect price. The cost of producing most illegal drugs is minimal, particularly in an industrial setting. Therefore, legalization will reduce crimes such as burglary, mugging, and prostitution. Legalizing drugs would be useful in the medicinal world. It is probably one of the prime reasons why drugs should be legalized because it will be helpful for medical-related research. There are numerous ways in which drugs could be used in the medical field. For example, marijuana helps relieve pain caused by glaucoma. Glaucoma is a â€Å"group of eye diseases characterizes by an increase in intraocular pressure (Garcia, Matthews) † in the eyeball causing damage to the optic disc and impaired vision which sometimes develops into blindness for many people every year. Medical researchers found that as the dose of marijuana increases, the pressure within the eye decreases by up to a 30%, thus, lowering the risk of suffering from such a agonizing and dreadful disease (Garcia, Matthews). Cocaine is another drug which can be used because it was the first effective local anesthetic (Spillane, 2000). However, in the late 1880’s surgical procedures using local anesthetics was replaced by a general anesthesia solution. Several countries South America such as Peru and Bolivia still use coca as both a general stimulant and for more specific medical purposes (Spillane 2000). There are, however, some recent and so far uncertain signs of reviving interests in cocaine from the medical institutions and even coca itself for other medical purposes to be used in researches as well as in diagnosis and treatments. Another illegal drug useful for medical usages is heroin. Heroin was once and is still used as a powerful pain-killer which is used to control intense chronic pains caused by severe diseases such as cancer and tuberculosis (Schaffer). Researchers have found signs showing that heroin is significantly less harmful than most of the drugs which are given in its place. There are other ways drugs could be used for medical purposes, however, due to its illegal status there has not been many in-depth studies into the possible uses of illegal drugs as was initially hoped for. Not only will legalizing drugs help the medical community but it will take the medical world into a new horizon with these drugs. The federal government does not know how to control the great amount of money that they have spent on the war on drugs, which still continues. Yearly, â€Å"the federal government spends around $20 billion dollars (Mann, 2001)† on issues related to the war on drugs. Not only does legalizing drugs help needy organizations, but it also helps the community. The money that the government annually spends on the drug war could be used for building rehabilitation centers for handicapped citizens, building more schools to educate people on drugs, or go into funds for a medical or scientific research. According to former chief of the Planning Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health, Theodore R. Vallance, â€Å"the legalization of the now illegal drugs would result in a net saving of $37 billion annual savings for the federal government (Vallance).† The federal government will also benefit from the increase in income due to taxation and licensing of drugs. Just like cig arettes and alcohol, drugs would be taxed. The tax imposed on these drugs should vary on how the drug affects the individuals who take drugs. Marijuana’s side effects, which as â€Å"loud talking and bursts of laughter, lack of memory in conversations, and chronic redness of the eyes (Glantz),† should have a smaller tax rate because its side effects are less severe compared to cocaine and heroin’s side effects. By placing different tax rates on different drugs, according to their side effects, users would start using softer drugs and the usage of harder drugs would be less common because of its high cost. People would have to either start paying to obtain harder drugs or they would diminish their drug use. Drug sales are probably the largest untaxed markets in the United States and around the world, hence, if drugs were legalized, the money from taxing drugs would be used for more serious problems. In short, legalizing drugs will benefit the community at a larger extent. The overly fought, absurd Drug War has been, is, and will continue to be an absolute failure if the United States continues to struggle with it like it has done. Instead, actions needs to be taken and the ultimate alternative is to legalize all drugs. By doing so, a number of lives are saved in many ways. Legalization helps reduce crime, making the community a safer place to live in. Legalization also allows for the exploring or research in the field of medicine. Lastly, the government can save money, but its income will also increase. Works Cited Garcia, G., Matthews, L. â€Å"Laser and Eye Safety in the Laboratory.† New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (1995): 102 Glantz, Meyer D. â€Å"Correlates and Consequences of Marijuana Use.† Washington D.C.: METROTEC (1984):37 Mann, Judy. â€Å"Money Spent of Drug War Could Be Put To Better Use.† Washington Post (D.C.) 17 October 2001: C12 Nadelmann, Ethan A. â€Å"An Unwinnable   War on Drugs.† New York Times. 26 April 2001: A23 Spillane, Joseph. Cocaine: from medical marvel to modern menace in the United States. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press (2000): 58-61 Schaffer, Clifford A. â€Å"Basic Facts About the War on Drugs.† Drug Reform Coordination Network.   

The Importance Of Being Earnest And Giovannis Room Analysis

In the play, The Importance of Being Earnest written by Oscar Wilde and the novel Giovanni’s Room written by James Baldwin both address the topic of bunburying. Bunburying is a way in which people use something as an excuse to get out of something like a social obligation or civil duty. In The Importance of Being Earnest a majority of the characters use bunburying to get out of a commitment. In the novel, Giovanni’s Room the main character David demonstrates bunburying when he flees to Paris from the United States. David bunburies his way out of the United States for a variety of different reasons. One of the reasons why I believe David exhibits bunburying is because he feels ashamed for falling in love with a man. This could be†¦show more content†¦Using Hella as an alibi was a perfect way for David to prove to the world his true masculinity. Another reason why David bunburies his way out of The United Sates and flees to Paris is because of his father. David does not want his father to know that he is gay whatsoever. For example, David Says, â€Å"Then I thought of my father, who had no one in the world but me...† (Baldwin 9). David feels that him being gay would be an enormous burden to his father because they have already been through a lot with his mother passing away at a young age, and since David’s father raised him himself he does not want his dad to think that it was his fault that he was interested in the same sex. David says, â€Å"What passed between us as masculine candor exhausted and appalled me† (Baldwin 17). David is referring to the fact that his father thinks their relationship is very open and that is what scares David because his father does not even know who he truly is. Another of example of why David’s relationship with his father is a reason why he flees the US is becaus e David starts to realize that he is actually turning into his father because of the way that David drinks. David says, â€Å"Soon it was I who came home staggering home late at night, it was I who found Ellen waiting up for me...† (Baldwin 16). David is suggesting that it was no longer just his dad coming home drunk at night, it was now him. The only way that David seemed to

Bacteria Relationships - Bacteria and Humans

Bacteria are all around us and most people only consider these prokaryotic organisms to be disease-causing parasites. While it is true that some bacteria are responsible for a large number of human diseases, others play a vital role in necessary human functions such as digestion. Bacteria also make it possible for certain elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen to be returned to the atmosphere. These bacteria ensure that the cycle of chemical exchange between organisms and their environment is continuous. Life as we know it would not exist without bacteria to decompose waste and dead organisms, thus playing a key role in the flow of energy in environmental food chains. Are Bacteria Friend or Foe? The decision as to whether bacteria are friend or foe becomes more difficult when both the positive and negative aspects of the relationship between humans and bacteria are considered. There are three types of symbiotic relationships in which humans and bacteria coexist. The types of symbiosis are termed commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism. Symbiotic Relationships Commensalism is a relationship that is beneficial to the bacteria but does not help or harm the host. Most commensal bacteria reside on epithelial surfaces that come in contact with the external environment. They are commonly found on the skin, as well as in the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract. Commensal bacteria acquire nutrients and a place to live and grow from their host. In some instances, commensal bacteria may become pathogenic and cause disease, or they may provide a benefit for the host. In a mutualistic relationship, both the bacteria and the host benefit. For example, there are several kinds of bacteria that live on the skin and inside the mouth, nose, throat, and intestines of humans and animals. These bacteria receive a place to live and feed while keeping other harmful microbes from taking up residence. Bacteria in the digestive system assist in nutrient metabolism, vitamin production, and waste processing. They also aid in the hosts immune system response to pathogenic bacteria. Most of the bacteria that reside within humans are either mutual or commensal. A parasitic relationship is one in which the bacteria benefit while the host is harmed. Pathogenic parasites, which cause disease, do so by resisting the hosts defenses and growing at the expense of the host. These bacteria produce poisonous substances called endotoxins and exotoxins, which are responsible for the symptoms that occur with an illness. Disease-causing bacteria are responsible for a number of diseases including meningitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and several types of food-borne diseases. Bacteria: Helpful or Harmful? When all of the facts are considered, bacteria are more helpful than harmful. Humans have exploited bacteria for a wide variety of uses. Such uses include making cheese and butter, decomposing waste in sewage plants, and developing antibiotics. Scientists are even exploring ways for storing data on bacteria. Bacteria are extremely resilient and some are capable of living in the most extreme environments. Bacteria have demonstrated that they are able to survive without us, but we could not live without them.

The War Of The Civil War Essay - 1688 Words

The establishment for dark support in the Civil War started more than a hundred years before the episode of the war. blacks had been in servitude since early pilgrim times. In 1776, when Jefferson announced humanity s unavoidable right to life, freedom, and the quest for joy, the organization of subjection had turned out to be immovably settled in America. blacks worked in the tobacco fields of Virginia, in the rice fields of South Carolina, and drudged in little ranches and shops in the North. Foner and Mahoney report in A House Divided, America in the Age of Lincoln that, In 1776, slaves made forty percent out of the number of inhabitants in the provinces from Maryland south to Georgia, yet well beneath ten percent in the states toward the North. The development of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 gave an interest to cotton in this way expanding the interest for slaves. By the 1800 s servitude was an organization all through the South, a foundation in which slaves had few rights, and could be sold or rented by their proprietors. They did not have any voice in the legislature and carried on with an existence of hardship. Considering these circumstances, the slave populace never relinquished the yearning for opportunity or the determination to oppose control by the slave proprietors. The slave s response to this yearning and determination brought about altogether resistance and individual demonstrations of rebellion. Nonetheless, history specialists put theShow MoreRelatedCivil Wars And The Civil War873 Words   |  4 Pages Therefore, the fact that ISIL has become very active in the context of civil war could be a strong indicator of its affiliation to AQ. This, as Robbins (2014) argues, is because civil wars can be said to be better and more reliable predictors of AQ affiliated groups than mere affiliation. 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Computer Crimes and Digital Investigations †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Computer Crimes and Digital Investigations. Answer: Introduction: Jane is an undergraduate student in her late-twenties going to a state-funded college in the US. After accepting a progression of messages and texts containing sexually explicit remarks she looks for assistance from her folks. Content inside the messages demonstrates that the sender knows that Jane goes to a public university, the general population in her kinship circle, and other individual data. The personality of the originator isn't revealed in the correspondence. Worried that the sender might utilize identifiable data about Jane accessible on the Internet, her dad performs an online research. He finds different remarks specifying Jane by name in postings on sexual sites, which have all the earmarks of being facilitated abroad. In any case, both Jane and her folks are hesitant to report the issue, as they trust police cannot examine wrongdoings related to the Internet and innovation. Jane is additionally humiliated about the substance of the postings and keeps up the episode is most likely not sufficiently genuine for police to explore. About seven days after the underlying contact, Jane advises her folks that she got a call from an outsider communicating enthusiasm for taking an interest in 'sexual dreams.' The guest asserted to react to an online message before he hung-up. Jane shows her folks a posting she found on an online announcement board containing her name and telephone number and a message broadcasting that she fantasizes about being assaulted. Jane, therefore, gets an email message containing dangers to hurt her. Joined to the message are a few photographs delineating the house where she lives and pictures of her meeting with companions at college. There is additionally a picture demonstrating a thing of her apparel that she accepts was taken from the clothesline. Jane and her folks report the issue to the nearby police station soon after that (Marcovici, 2014). Analysis and Findings Digital crime is any crime committed using a digital device; could be a computer, a PDA, mobile phone or a tablet (Jewkes, 2013). Digital evidence is any information stored in or transmitted in digital form and can be used to persuade based on proof in a court of law. Digital evidence should be handled in such a way that it can be inadmissible in court. Digital evidence is latent and transcends national borders easily with speed and can also be altered, destroyed or damaged easily. It is therefore imperative that special care is taken when dealing with the collection, examination, preservation, and transmission of digital evidence (Scheidlin, 2016. pg380). Careful handling of digital evidence is necessary for it to be used in a court of law as evidence. The collection, preservation, examination, and transmission of digital evidence raise various legal and ethical issues from both sides of the divide. Prosecutors and digital forensics experts have to comply with the law when dealing with digital evidence to ensure that they present a good case before any judge or jury in a court of law. Criminals, on the other hand, use all the tricks available to ensure that they tamper with digital evidence making it difficult to be held accountable. Legal and ethical considerations for investigating digital crimes Technical specialists, police, legal counselors, criminologists, and national security experts comprehend the idea of 'digital wrongdoing' contrastingly. It is progressively misty whether digital wrongdoing alludes to lawful, sociological, mechanical, or legitimate parts of wrongdoing and an all-inclusive definition stays tricky (Jewkes Yar, 2013). Investigators have endeavored to outline the basic qualities of digital wrongdoing with a restricted accord. Current definitions differ fundamentally, contingent upon the legitimate instrument or association characterizing the term. The abuse of ICT by offenders is conversely alluded to as digital wrongdoing, PC wrongdoing, PC abuse, computer-related wrongdoing, high innovation wrongdoing, e-wrongdoing, and innovation empowered wrongdoing, among others (Ruan, 2013. pg2). The semantics of 'digital wrongdoing' point to a lawful and specialized wonder that restricts criminal action associated with the digital area. Such movement is completely distinctive to conduct esteemed 'deceptive' or 'illegal' which does not exist in itself sum to 'criminal lead.' The creator attests that criminal equity procedures ought to just be locked in when a course of lead is resolved to be illegal and warrants arraignment. Key to most legitimate frameworks is the rule of 'nullum crimen sine lege', meaning regardless of how hurtful the conduct, it can't be indicted unless it is formally disallowed by law (Cropf Bagwell, 2016. pg. 149). For the motivations behind this examination, the following components must be available for a demonstration to be named digital wrongdoing affronting: The direct is encouraged by data and interchanges innovation; The direct is roused by plan to confer hurt against a man or association; The executed or planned damage envelops lead adding up to impedance or, on the other hand, harm to either unmistakable or impalpable property possessed by a man or association; also, The lead concerned is criminalized inside either the purview of the casualty or the ward of the denounced. Policing has been altered by advanced criminology and the improvement of specific devices to help investigative procedures into digital wrongdoing irritating. As a logical field of an attempt, measurable science utilizes innovation to aid the foundation of certainties by a courtroom. Advanced legal sciences are a branch of measurable science, which incorporates the revelation, obtaining and examination of data, related to computerized gadgets. Initially utilized as an equivalent word for PC legal sciences, the term advanced crime scene investigation has extended to include the examination of any device fit for putting away data in advanced shape. Advanced legal sciences investigations have an assortment of uses also; the utilization of criminological systems in the advanced area is progressively a basic component of innovative examinations, yet additionally to help or negate the hypothesis of a case in conventional common and criminal examinations. "As a measurable train, nothing sin ce DNA innovation has had such a vast potential impact on particular sorts of examinations and indictments as digital forensic science." Technical tactics in digital crimes, steps involved in a digital forensics investigation The nature of the procedures used to safeguard the integrity of digital evidence, from the moment it is captured to the point that it is presented in court, must be shown by the defender of the proof to substantiate its dependability and reliability. The chain-of-custody process is utilized to check that the submitted evidence is free from altering or adjustment. Evidence progression is normally an issue of truth, and the chain-of-authority process is the instrument connected to keep up and record the sequential history of proof as it moves from one place to another (Peterson Shenoi, 2013, pg.19). The chain-of-authority decide protects that any data exhibited as prove is in substantively an indistinguishable state from when it was seized. Coherence must be kept up for both the physical gadget lodging the information, and the data put away on the gadget itself. The gathering offering the confirmation must show to the reality discoverer that the data recovered from the gadget is a valid and exact portrayal of the first information encoded on the gadget (i.e., genuineness). It should likewise be exhibited that the physical gadget looked to be presented as confirmation is indistinguishable to what was at first found and therefore taken into custody. There are various software available for making exact copies of the original media. This technique is known as imaging. Imaging is necessary to maintain the authenticity of the data collected and prevent tampering with the original storage media. Imaging is also important in cases where the digital media may be set to self-destruct, therefore the technique may come in handy when making the exact copy which may then be presented in a court of law and be used to persuade the court based on proof about the criminal culpability of the suspect. Over the span of an examination, police, as a rule, accumulate data around an occasion after it has happened. The re-authorization of digital wrongdoing insulting expects agents to follow interchanges back to a source and recover data about that correspondence. The limit of police to distinguish people responsible for area names and Web Protocol (IP) addresses at a given point in time is an essential advance in the investigative. Examiners with the imperative lawful expert and related data about a suspect (e.g., username, IP address, time and date of suspicious movement) may likewise have the capacity to get endorser information, value-based or activity information, and content information from specialist co-ops. Examiners are more liable to set up a connection between a suspect and the commission of wrongdoing on the off chance that they can secure information from physical gadgets utilized by a suspect to confirm endorser, value-based and content information. Article 1d of the Budapest Convention characterizes "movement information" as "any PC information identifying with a correspondence by methods for a PC framework, produced by a PC framework that shaped a section in the chain of correspondence, showing the correspondence's inception, goal, course, time, date, size, term, or kind of hidden administration" In a few purviews, media communications suppliers can supply specialists with putting away substance, for example, voice message, call logs, and codes for getting to information contained on Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) cards by utilizing Pin Unlock Key (PUK) codes for handsets (Moore, 2017. pg182). Police may likewise follow telephones continuously through the media communications arrange to utilize cell tower information in the blend with geospatial innovation (e.g., Stingray) which may likewise be customized to coordinate telephone flags and voice. However, the wealth of broadcast communications transporters can make it to a great degree hard to follow a solitary correspondence, as numerous lawful forms are conceivably required to just build up a source. Plans of action identified with maintenance and capacity of information likewise vary provincially. In many cases, police are capable "to effectively follow maybe a couple of steps, just to discover that an upstream transporte r has not held the data, which is basic to proceed with the examination. The likelihood of acquiring data from an ISP normally relies upon police having legitimate expert to influence such to a demand and there being sufficient information maintenance and logging arrangements set up. The fleeting idea of client logs and the "money related and human costs related with a social event and keeping up account data diminishes the plausibility that Internet specialist organizations will willfully gather and keep up such information for a valuable timeframe. Without universally accepted gauges concerning information maintenance, examiners frequently find wellsprings of ESI vanishing as logs are overwritten, and information records are cleansed to free space (Watson Jones, 2013). While agents might have the capacity to urge an ISP to stop or protect put away information, the issue of information maintenance stays extremely questionable. Some lawful national structures engage police and security organizations to acquire court requests to catch correspondences between PCs in earnest and excellent cases. The Code of Criminal Procedure (2000) in France incorporates an energy to order archives important to an examination including the exchange and change of PC information, the unscrambling of PC information, wiretapping, and the capture of different interchanges (e.g., Articles 706-35, 706-47, 706-81, 227-18, and 227-24). This enactment additionally gives a lawful reason for the exercises of law authorization organizations occupied with online examinations. This power stretches out to observing people associated with carrying out a wrongdoing when law requirement officers assemble confirm by acting on the web like criminal associates or beneficiaries. Continuous computerized observing exercises, additionally called 'tapping' and 'bothering,' can be encouraged with utilization of incognito programming and equipment instruments, which, once introduced, empower access to gadgets possessing suspects (Gutie?rrez, 2015). Live block attempt procedures likewise enable examining experts to catch transmissions as they are sent and got. For instance, the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (2000) (RIPA) gives law implementation organizations in the UK with the ability to: Intercept interchanges (i.e., movement and substance information; Conduct 'meddlesome reconnaissance' (i.e., undercover in private premises or vehicles, and so on.); Conduct 'coordinated reconnaissance' (i.e., secretive in an open place); Use incognito human insight sources (i.e., covert specialists); and Monitor interchanges information (e.g., records identified with correspondences however not the substance of such interchanges, and so on.) 'Remote Administration Tools' (RATs), console sections checked utilizing keystroke lumberjacks, cameras introduced to catch passwords and physically connect action with a particular client, and 'parcel sniffers' actuated to capture correspondences and assemble data about a specific system. While ordinary investigative forces preclude remote looks past the neighborhood locale, it can be tough to decide when information crosses global fringes. The legitimate treatment of information may contrast altogether starting with one nation then onto the next, representing a minefield of specialized and legitimate complexities (Graves, 2014. pg472). All things considered, it winds up noticeably important that agents and prosecutors be well-informed of geo-particular information mapping issues and keep up watchfulness in watching administrative changes all around, including the burden of approvals and embargoes between country states. Overseeing double culpability arrangements for removal, handling demands for common legitimate help and adjusting touchy strategic relations are for the most part critical encumbrances for examinations concerning digital wrongdoing affronting. Indeed, even where solid strategic ties exist, immature states are probably not going to have sufficient investigative forces or assets to help cross-fringe examinations (Walden, 2016). To defeat these obstacles, some nation states have instituted enactment with extraterritorial reach to engage household law authorization organizations to remotely get to information put away in outside wards (i.e., 'on the web examination'). Be that as it may, the worldwide group has communicated concern about these infringements on state sway. Report on the results of an investigation As the look for the way to battle digital wrongdoing has heightened, so have the desires. The potential for electronic proof to contribute toward results in criminal trials is needy upon the states of mind of non-specialized partners, for example, the police, prosecutors, legal counselors, and the legal. It is fundamental that specialists, legal advisors, judges, and laypeople have an attention to decisively what constitutes electronic proof and the breaking points of digital wrongdoing request (Grama, 2015. pg. 461). According to White 2016, an Officer of the Court has a general obligation to help the court in the organization of equity. In any case, legal counselors and specialists tend to show criminological proof in a way that "mirrors a scientific articulation of likelihood rather than evidence past sensible uncertainty." The way in which the media depicts the abilities and convenience of criminological techniques through TV, silver screen, and writing, plainly misshapes desires. In actuality, legal request is fundamentally an extended procedure. Research center staff, specialists, prosecutors and judges all work under exceptional execution and asset stressors, committing errors also, oversights more probable. Welfare issues likewise emerge as criminal equity officers are over and over presented to indecent material. Conclusions Because of issues of closeness and remoteness, the distinguishing proof of digital wrongdoing insulting will regularly depend on incidental confirmation to set up that a specific suspect was in control of a gadget when an offense happened. Conditional proof sets up actualities by derivation from other demonstrated actualities. In that capacity, conditional confirmation is roundabout proof identifying with issues that in disengagement don't add up to coordinate proof of any reality in issue be that as it may, from which certainties in issue, or matters important to actualities in issue, may sensibly be derived. Fortuitous proof can be to a great degree profitable in checking initiation and realness of data (e.g., metadata, witness proclamations, historical verifications, course of events investigation, Internet perusing history, action on long-range informal communication sites, information held by specialist organizations, and so forth (Williams Chuvakin, 2012). At the point when the arraignment tries to depend on conditional confirmation to build up blame, every sensible theory reliable with the blamelessness of a litigant must be prohibited. As it were, the tribunal of certainty (i.e., judge or jury) must be fulfilled past sensible uncertainty that all components of the offense are demonstrated (White, 2016). As needs are, the main rational induction to be drawn from the confirmation altogether, what's more, not by considering singular things of proof in segregation that can't bolster the induction looked for, and is that the respondent is blameworthy as charged (Daniel Spielman, 2012). References Bryant, R. and Bryant, S. (2016). Policing digital crime. London: Routledge. Cropf, R. A., Bagwell, T. C. (2016). Ethical Issues and Citizen Rights in the Era of Digital Government Surveillance. Daniel, L., Spielman, S. (2012). Digital forensics for legal professionals: Understanding digital evidence from the warrant to the courtroom. Waltham, Mass: Syngress/Elsevier. Grama, J. L. (2015). Legal issues in information security, second edition. Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Graves, M. W. (2014). Digital archaeology: The art and science of digital forensics. London: Addison-Wesley. Gutie?rrez, Z. A. (2015). Exchange of Information and Data Protection in Cross-border Criminal Proceedings in Europe. Berlin: Springer Berlin. International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, Abouzakhar, N. (1900). Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security ECCWS 2015. Jewkes, Y. (2013). Crime Online. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Jewkes, Y. and Yar, M. (2013). Handbook of Internet Crime. Marcovici, M. (2014). How to deal with a stalker: ...and other assaults on person or property. Norderstedt: Books on Demand. Moore, M. (2017). Cybersecurity breaches and issues surrounding online threat protection. Peterson, G., Shenoi, S. (2013). Advances in Digital Forensics IX: 9th IFIP WG 11.9 International Conference on Digital Forensics, Orlando, FL, USA, January 28-30, 2013, Revised Selected Papers. (Advances in digital forensics IX.) Berlin, Heidelberg: Imprint: Springer. Ruan, K. (2013). Cybercrime and cloud forensics: Applications for investigation processes. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference Scheindlin, S. (2016). Electronic Discovery and Digital Evidence in a Nutshell. West Academic. Walden, I. (2016). Computer crimes and digital investigations. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Watson, D., Jones, A. (2013). Digital forensics processing and procedures: Meeting the Requirements of ISO 17020, ISO 17025, ISO 27001 and best practice requirements. Amsterdam: Syngress. White, P. (2016). Crime scene to court: The essentials of forensic science. Williams, B. R., Chuvakin, A. (2012). PCI compliance: Understand and implement effective PCI data security standard compliance.